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And smoking is very closely linked to the development of peripheral arterial disease, with approximately 90 percent of peripheral arterial disease patients having had a history of smoking

Nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine, can cross the blood-testis barrier, which subsequently causes harm of diverse degree to the germ cells

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Population exposure was extrapolated from country-specific prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption, and changes in population health were estimated using disease-specific risk estimates (relative risks/odds ratios) associated with it